Innocent favored Spain in the continuing war between the two countries. Stephen IV  (816-17) Zacharias  (741-52) elected 11 May 1669; d. 22 July 1676, aged 85. 154. anti-pope  Theodoric  (1100-1) While still a priest, he was a fiery opponent of the Protestant Reformation and his work was directly supported by powerful figures in the Church, including Cardinal Carafa (later Pope Paul IV), Cardinal Ghislieri (later Pope Pius V), and St. Ignatius of Loyola.   A former governor of the papal state, he took an active part in the five-year-long Council of Trent and accompanied Cardinal Boncompagni (the future Pope Gregory XIII) to Spain. John I  (523-6) Anastasius  II (496-98) 8. Benedict XII (1335-42) 163. A member of the Dominican order, Pius V worked hard to improve the position of the papacy. Eschewing nepotism, after the excesses of  his predecessor, the new pope declared: "As Fabio Chigi I had a family. 61. Portrait by Andrea Sacchi in Barberini Gallery. (mouseover timeline to select a century)

Calling him "this terrifying old man", S&S  described him as "a man of unflinching courage and integrity, robbed of real greatness by a fatal narrowness of vision". 159. 19. 180  Alexander IV  (1254-61)

Described as a "master diplomat", Paul reformed many of the church's religious Orders, giving sanction to Ignatius Loyola's Jesuits; founded the public pawnshop;  set up the Roman Inquisition "with punitive powers of censorship"  to combat heresy,  and encouraged the persecution of the French Huguenots. Ojai Orange Honorius I  (625-38) 53. Without much success Gregory renewed  the struggle against France's  Huguenot Henry IV who had been excommunicated by Pope Sixtus And he was unable to persuade his friend Philip Neri--the Florentine layman whose "street ministry" had inspired the faithful for half a century--to accept a cardinal's hat. 242. Innocent's dispute with  France's Louis XIV over spheres of influence, was met with the adoption  by the French clergy of the Gallican Articles which attempted to limit the pope's authority. 75. By careful fiscal management he drastically reduced the crippling papal debt. Hadrian's attempts to unite European countries against the Turks were largely frustrated. Clement backed an international naval force which unsuccessfully tried to regain Crete from Turkish rule. 221. Julius II.

Zephyrinus  (198-217) Saints & Their Emblems in English Churches (StE); 37. 229. S. Eugenius I  ( 654-7) 72.
Learn about their significant contributions. Stephen III (768-72) John XVII  (1003)

First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan (313 AD) issued by Constantine the Great. A devout, indeed austere, man, Hadrian  instituted a daily Mass,  and reduced the Curia's numbers as well as abolishing many of "the offices invented and sold by his predecessors" says S&S which describes him as  "a clumsy politician". Paul V. b. Rome as Camillo Borghese. 130  Agapitus II (946-955) Zephyrinus (198-217) 41. LVR says: "He was not known to indulge in any kind of luxury or pleasure" quoting a 1526 despatch by ambassador Marco Foscari who added: "His only amusement is the conversation of engineers with whom he talks about waterworks and such matters".


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