This was enabled by several factors. The First Estate was the clergy, the Second Estate was the nobles, and the Third Estate was the commoners. In practice, the power of the monarchy was typically checked by the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, institutions such as the judicial parlements, national and local customs and, above all, the threat of insurrection. They needed salt to flavor and preserve their food. Prior to 1789, the last severe threat to the monarchy was the Fronde civil wars from 1648 to 1653, during the minority of Louis XIV. Legally, these deputies had only a representative role: they were meant to be the spokesperson of the localities where they had been elected. The advices of the parliamentarians turned into reproaches and they refused to register the financial reforms decided by the king. Paris - What you need to know before coming to Paris, Caricature of 1789. There is significant disagreement among historians of the French Revolution as to its causes. Before the outbreak of the French Revolution, the political, social, and economic conditions were bad, but no revolution in the world ever takes place for any single cause. Hardman, John. In 1788 and 1789 there were poor harvests, perhaps triggered by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland. This placed Louis XVI at a disadvantage when he attempted to coerce and then suppress them in 1787-88. The political system of France before the French Revolution was called the "Ancien Regime.". Another thing to keep in mind is that, for the Revolution or any historical event, nothing was written and nobody could have foreseen the outcome. Beyond these relatively established facts regarding the social conditions surrounding the French Revolution, there is significant dissent among historians. The kings Louis XV and Louis XVI did not manage to stop the wars campaigns despite of their proclaimed will of peace. Here, I will only briefly introduce you to the main explanations that have been given by contemporaries and historians over time. Harrington (Ed. Big cities like Paris, that relied on food supply from the countryside, were very vulnerable to these shortages or to the inflations of the prices. A debate on economic reform and policy in 18th Century France. The church chose the amount which was small compared to its richness. However, the nobility refused to help - their power and influence had been steadily reduced since the reign of Louis XIV - and hence Louis was forced to rely upon the Estates-General. The parlements were regional courts of appeal which had the de facto power to block the implementation of legislation in their respective provinces. Turgot abolished the regulations surrounding the food supply, which to this point had been strictly controlled by the royal police: they monitored the purity of bread flour, prevented price manipulation via hoarding, and controlled the inflows and outflows of grain to regions facing good and bad harvests. In the summer 1789, the privileges of the church and the nobility were abolished and human rights were proclaimed. Given their powerful economic position, and their aspirations on a class-wide level, the bourgeois wanted to ascend through the social hierarchy, formalised in the Estate system. Painted by Drouais, sourced from Wikipedia. Since the beginning of the Revolution, the contemporaries tried to understand what happened, which actors and movements were to praise or to blame. However, this policy also failed, and only resulted in higher debt and France facing a primary deficit for the first time. There was no apparent justification to the privileges given by birth to the nobles. In 1789 the government entered into an economic and political crisis. Sourced from Wikipedia. The tax that was collected, a significant sum, was fixed at certain levels by the government through a system of tax farming; private individuals and groups were asked to collect a fixed amount of tax on behalf of the government, and could keep any excess. Marxist historians, such as Lefebvre and Soboul, see the social tensions described here as the main cause of the Revolution, as the Estates-General allowed them to manifest into tangible political action; the bourgeoisie and the lower classes were grouped into the Third Estate, allowing them to jointly oppose the establishment. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate. Combined with this more immediate issue was an underlying problem of the inequality of land distribution: peasants made up approximately 80% of the French population, but only owned 35% of the land. Furthermore, many governmental offices and positions were sold to raise cash. Of course, there was a risk that these deputies claimed to represent the nation and give themselves the power of the deputies of the British Parliament or the American Congress. As groups that had no social utility, no contribution to the richness of the country but cost a lot to the country. He was not credited for his efforts in front of the public opinion. The bourgeoisie was eager to access a political power corresponding to its economic power and the education level of their members.

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