South of Xuanwu district is the Baixia district. With careful planning it’s possible to fit many of this city’s best sights into a flying visit. (1939), Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone (reprinted in, Kajimoto, Masato "Mistranslations in Honda Katsuichi's the Nanjing Massacre". Groups of Chinese civilians were formed, bound with their hands behind their backs, and marched outside the walls of the city where they were killed in groups by machine gun fire and with bayonets. [39] The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service had struck Nanking for the first time on August 15 with Mitsubishi G3M medium-heavy bombers, but suffered heavy losses in face of the aerial defense from Chinese Air Force Hawk III and P-26/281 fighters based primarily at Jurong Airbase for the defense of Nanking. The war, still undeclared, had no clear-cut goal or purpose. Finnegans Wake Irish Bar & The Malt Room (Whisky & Cocktail Lounge), AL-JANNAT Indian Restaurant (Halal, Muslim), Wang Pin TaiSu NiuPai (ZhongShan South Road), Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Huiwei Duck Blood Vermicelli Soup Restaurant (Laiyan Road), Chu Ji BeiJing Roast Duck (ShangHai Road), Hotels near China Pharmaceutical University, Hotels near Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Hotels near Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Hotels near Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Hotels near Nanjing University of Science and Technology. [8] China, however, wanted to avoid a decisive confrontation in the north and so instead opened a second front by attacking Japanese units in Shanghai in central China.

[112] Still, the historian Jay Taylor notes that Chiang was convinced that to run from his capital city "without a serious fight ... would forever be regarded as a cowardly decision". Japanese troops pursued the retreating Chinese army units, primarily in the Xiakuan area to the north of the city walls and around the Zijin Mountain in the east. They bayoneted one little boy of eight who [had] five bayonet wounds including one that penetrated his stomach, a portion of omentum was outside the abdomen. This is caused by the Army's misbehaviors after the fall of Nanjing and failure to proceed with the autonomous government and other political plans. We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. ", "Case 14 – On December 16, seven girls (ages ranged from 16 to 21) were taken away from the Military College. "[27], The conquest of Nanking had been quicker and easier than the Japanese had foreseen;[9][105] they lost only 1,953 soldiers in battle, plus 4,994 wounded. Following the capture of the city Japanese soldiers massacred Chinese prisoners of war, murdered civilians, and committed acts of looting and rape in an event known as the Nanking Massacre. Japanese soldiers marched from Shanghai to Nanking at a breakneck pace, rapidly defeating pockets of Chinese resistance. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. "Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking After Chinese Command Fled." Farther to the south is the district of Qinhuai. The death toll has been contested by scholars since the 1980s. 1947年12月18日: pp.

Area mun., 2,547 square miles (6,598 square km). Nanjing served as the capital of 6 dynasties from the Kingdom of Wu (220 - 280) to Southern Dynasties. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. It is located at Niushoushan Scenic Area, Jiangning District, Nanjing City. [165] The report consists of eight volumes and was released to mark the 70th anniversary of the start of the massacre. [40] It wasn't until after the introduction of the advanced Mitsubishi A5M fighter did the Japanese begin to turn the tide in air-to-air combat, and proceed with bombing both military and civilian targets day and night with increasing impunity as the Chinese Air Force losses mounted through continuous attrition; the Chinese did not have the aircraft industry nor comprehensive training regimen to replace men and machines to contend against the ever-growing and ever-improving Japanese war machine. [67] The Chinese brought up reinforcements, including tanks, and they poured down grenades and even flaming, gasoline-soaked lumber onto the Japanese battalion, which was only saved from annihilation by timely bursts of concentrated artillery fire from the rest of their division. [27], Among those Chinese who did manage to escape Nanking were Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Soong Mei-ling, who had flown out of Nanking on a private plane just before the crack of dawn on December 7. The majority of the bodies were dumped directly into the Yangtze River. On 10 February 1938, Legation Secretary of the German Embassy, Rosen, wrote to his Foreign Ministry about a film made in December by Reverend John Magee to recommend its purchase. "The International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone: An Introduction", Askew, David, "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population". [23] Further, both Chiang and Tang would at times give contradictory instructions to their subordinates on whether their mission was to defend Nanking to the death or merely delay the Japanese advance. [citation needed], Dockworkers in Australia were horrified at the massacre, and refused to load pig iron onto ships heading for Japan, leading to the Dalfram Dispute of 1938.[155]. The grandfather grasped the body of his wife and was killed. [83], One of the few units that did manage to get out of Nanking was China's 2nd Army led by Xu Yuanquan situated just north of Nanking. Soon after another Japanese team set a fire in front of the gate to create a smokescreen. The battalion succeeded in holding its position for the rest of the battle despite losing eighty of its eighty-eight men. [23], But during this period Japan's Navy Air Service was launching frequent air raids on the city, eventually totaling 50 raids according to the Navy's own records. Nanjing served as the capital of 6 dynasties from the Kingdom of Wu (220 - 280) to Southern Dynasties. It took an hour for the sounds of death to stop and even longer for the Japanese to bayonet each individual.
A more complete account of what numbers are claimed by who, can be found in self-described "moderate" article by historian Ikuhiko Hata, Masaaki Tanaka claims that very few citizens were killed, and that the massacre is in fact a fabrication in his book.

Historians who define the Nanjing Massacre as having started from the time that the Japanese Army entered Jiangsu province push the beginning of the massacre to around mid-November to early December (Suzhou fell on November 19), and stretch the end of the massacre to late March 1938. 「闇に葬られた皇室の軍部批判」、『This is 読売』、一九九四年八月号57ページ, International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, killing contest between two Japanese officers, International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, Learn how and when to remove this template message, John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall, List of war apology statements issued by Japan, "The Nanking Massacre Project: A Digital Archive of Documents & Photographs from American Missionaries Who Witnessed the Rape of Nanking", Japanese human experimentation on the Chinese, Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, "New film has Japan vets confessing to Nanjing rape", "Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East", "Forgetting and Denying: Iris Chang, the Holocaust and the Challenge of Nanking", "The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends", "Q8: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the incident known as the "Nanjing Massacre"? However, after victory in the Battle of Shanghai expansionists prevailed within the Japanese military and on December 1 a campaign to capture Nanking was officially authorized. Targets within and outside of the city walls—such as military barracks, private homes, the Chinese Ministry of Communication, forests and even entire villages—were completely burnt down, at an estimated value of US$20–30 million (1937).

Can't-miss spots to dine, drink, and feast. [29][30][31] The Fukuo Line, a sprawling network of trenches, moats, barbed wire, mine fields, gun emplacements, and pillboxes, was to be the final defense line outside Nanking's city walls. Dazzling shopping malls and department stores can be found in the commercial areas of the city with stocked plenty of international brand names.

I think he will live.

Estimates of the number of victims vary based on the definitions of the geographical range and the duration of the event. This is the version of our website addressed to speakers of English in Singapore. The incident occurred near the Kuling Ssu, a noted temple on the border of the Refugee zone ...". Portion of the Zhonghua (China) Gate, dating to the Ming dynasty, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. [21] In Japan, public opinion of the massacre varies but few deny outright that the event occurred.[21]. This page was last edited on 22 October 2020, at 23:34. [119], The Second Sino-Japanese War was to drag on for another eight years and ultimately end with Japan's surrender in 1945. The distance is around 300km between these two places. [71], Pregnant women were targeted for murder, as their stomachs were often bayoneted, sometimes after rape. One night in Nanjing where I must to go ? ", "Case 16 – A Chinese girl named Loh, who, with her mother and brother, was living in one of the Refugee Centers in the Refugee Zone, was shot through the head and killed by a Japanese soldier. On 17 December, chairman John Rabe wrote a complaint to Kiyoshi Fukui, second secretary of the Japanese Embassy. [105], Japanese historians, depending on their definition of the geographical and time duration of the killings, give wide-ranging estimates for the number of massacred civilians, from several thousand to upwards of 200,000. To preserve the army for future battles, most of it was withdrawn.

[103] Mass celebrations of every sort, either spontaneous or government-sponsored, took place throughout the country, including a number of resplendent lantern parades which were still vividly remembered by onlookers several decades later. You're not allowed to retreat on your own, causing defense to collapse. Visit top-rated & must-see attractions. On the west and south, central Nanjing is bordered by the Qinhuai River, which runs along the outside of the city wall and is a tributary of the Yangtze. 254. [84], By February 5, 1938, the International Committee had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies:[85], It is said that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.[86][87]. [106] Ikuhiko Hata estimates that 50,000 Chinese soldiers were killed in combat during the entire battle[2] whereas Jay Taylor puts the number at 70,000 and states that proportionate to the size of the force committed, such losses were greater than those suffered in the devastating Battle of Shanghai.

[39], German businessman John Rabe was elected as its leader, in part because of his status as a member of the Nazi Party and the existence of the German-Japanese bilateral Anti-Comintern Pact. Following the outbreak of war between Japan and China in July 1937, the Japanese government at first attempted to contain the fighting and sought a negotiated settlement to the war. [19] On the same day that the Garrison Force was established Chiang officially moved the capital of China from Nanking to Chongqing deep in China's interior. 1938, The Rape of Nanking – Nanjing Massacre – documentary, BBC News: Nanjing remembers massacre victims, Online Documentary: The Nanking Atrocities, English translation of a classified Chinese document on the Nanjing Massacre, Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing, Kirk Denton, "Heroic Resistance and Victims of Atrocity: Negotiating the Memory of Japanese Imperialism in Chinese Museums", Nanjing Massacre history site: History, Photos and Articles, 'No massacre in Nanking,' Japanese lawmakers say, "Denying Genocide: The Evolution of the Denial of the Holocaust and the Nanking Massacre,", War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries, Review of Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, The Ghosts of Nanking: Mogollon Connection Special Series by Jesse Horn, The Nanking Massacre Project: A Digital Archive of Documents & Photographs from American Missionaries Who Witnessed the Rape of Nanking From the Special Collections of the Yale Divinity School Library, The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German pre–World War II industrial co-operation, Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjing_Massacre&oldid=984932639, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles needing additional references from June 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 40,000–300,000 dead (scholarly consensus), 300,000 dead (Chinese government, scholarly consensus in China), "Case 5 – On the night of December 14th, there were many cases of Japanese soldiers entering houses and raping women or taking them away.

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