Thus the "Kolmogorov −5/3 spectrum" is generally observed in turbulence. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. In the context of air flight, CAT is sometimes colloquially referred to as "air pockets". However, such changes are not operationally significant (i.e. τ Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M.; Dowling, David R. (2012). This is today known as the Kolmogorov length scale (see Kolmogorov microscales). The pilots were able to stabilize the plane and continue the flight. When a pilot experiences CAT, a number of rules should be applied:[8]. In the best case, this assumption is only an approximation. The atmospheric region most susceptible to CAT is the high troposphere at altitudes of around 7,000–12,000 metres (23,000–39,000 ft) as it meets the tropopause. These smaller eddies undergo the same process, giving rise to even smaller eddies which inherit the energy of their predecessor eddy, and so on. A horizontal temperature gradient may occur, and hence air density variations, where air velocity changes. Detecting and predicting CAT is difficult. This turbulent diffusion coefficient is defined in a phenomenological sense, by analogy with the molecular diffusivities, but it does not have a true physical meaning, being dependent on the flow conditions, and not a property of the fluid itself. With only these two parameters, the unique length that can be formed by dimensional analysis is. Assume for a two-dimensional turbulent flow that one was able to locate a specific point in the fluid and measure the actual flow velocity v = (vx,vy) of every particle that passed through that point at any given time. This is the reason CAT can be generated above the tropopause, despite the stratosphere otherwise being a region which is vertically stable. Kolmogorov's idea was that in the Richardson's energy cascade this geometrical and directional information is lost, while the scale is reduced, so that the statistics of the small scales has a universal character: they are the same for all turbulent flows when the Reynolds number is sufficiently high. CAT in the jet stream is expected to become stronger and more frequent because of climate change,[2] with transatlantic wintertime CAT increasing by 59% (light), 94% (moderate), and 149% (severe) by the time of CO2 doubling. Mountain waves are formed when four requirements are met. 1.44 The official definitions from IATA are as follows: Slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw). Rossby waves caused by this jet stream shear and the Coriolis force cause it to meander. Extreme CAT has been reported without any other factor than this. When following the jet stream to escape from the CAT, the aircraft must change altitude and/or heading.

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